A 'miracle drug' used for diabetes prevention could also be a key to weight loss maintenance
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Researchers now have more clues into why metformin, a low-cost diabetes drug is an unlikely solution for many age-related health problems.
Metformin has been called a "miracle drug" because of its low cost, minimal risks, and ability to stave off diabetes and potentially aging.
An April study found metformin has the potential to help some people lose weight and maintain that weight loss for long periods of time.
Researchers now have more clues into why metformin, a low-cost diabetes drug that has been dubbed a "miracle" because of its potential anti-aging properties, may assist with weight loss.
An April 22 study published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine found metformin could help people lose weight for the long term.
Researchers believe the drug — which is prescribed for pre-diabetics, diabetics, and off-label to people with PCOS — may also help patients who have lost large amounts of weight keep it off for the long term.
The study compared the effects of metformin versus diet and exercise for weight loss and weight loss maintenance.
In a randomized controlled trial, researchers prescribed over 3,000 people who were obese, overweight, or who had elevated glucose levels a placebo, metformin, or intensive lifestyle intervention (ILS), which consisted of a regimented diet and exercise plan. Researchers then observed the participants over 15 years, looking at how much weight they lost in the first year of the study, as well as their abilities to maintain that weight loss over time.
The researchers defined long-term weight loss as at least 5% weight loss of the person's baseline weight at their one-year checkup.
They found that participants who used the ILS method were more likely to lose at least 5% of their weigh in the first year than metformin users, while metformin users lost on average 2.1% of their weight over a two-year period.
Despite their lower overall weight loss rates, people who took 850 mg of metformin twice daily were more likely to sustain weight loss over time than people who lost weight using the ILS method.
"People [doing ILS] weren't showing enthusiasm for attending these lifestyle intervention sessions. Diet and exercise enthusiasm generally doesn't last long," Dr. Kishore M. Gadde, the lead study author, told INSIDER. "Taking a pill a day is a lot easier than going to diet and exercise for 15 years. Almost no one can achieve it."
Metformin wasn't helpful for everyone, but it did help some maintain weight loss
Gadde noted that the people who lost at least 5% weight and maintained that weight loss when using metformin was a relatively small group — only 28.5% of study participants — so despite the drug's effectiveness for some, it didn't offer benefits for everyone in the trial.
Still, Gadde thinks more research should be done on metformin's potential use as a weight loss management tool, since that 28.5% was able to maintain about 2% weight loss over 10 years on average.
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"Maybe people who need to lose weight for health reasons can lose weight on a calorie-restricted diet over a 3-month period and then go to a primary care physician and be put on something like metformin to see if they can sustain that weight loss. That'd be a practical use for it," Gadde said.
There were some caveats to the study. Not all participants showed up to their annual check-ups, which left some holes in the data. Additionally, Gadde said some of the patients could have been taking higher doses of metformin than prescribed in the study, since researchers ultimately left it up to participants' individual healthcare providers.
"[Some] people in the study had pre-diabetes and some developed diabetes eventually. Since metformin is a diabetes drug, they may have ended up taking extra metformin," he said.
But the cost-effectiveness of metformin makes it an attractive option. A 30-day supply of 1,000 mg metformin tablets costs $4 at Walmart, for example, compared to the thousands of dollars other obesity medications cost annually.
"The sheer consistency of [metformin for weight management] surprised me. This needs to be followed up," Gadde said.
Metformin may also have life-extending properties
According to new research from the Salk Institute, metformin has the ability to turn on and off certain cell processes, including one affecting metabolism, that play a role in how a person ages. In doing this, metformin could slow aging down and potentially extend a person's life span, the researchers wrote.
Before this study, researchers only knew of one cellular pathway that metformin affected, so the findings open new research opportunities using the drug.
"The big questions now are what targets of metformin can benefit the health of all individuals, not just type 2 diabetics," Reuben Shaw, co-corresponding author of the paper and the director of Salk's NCI-designated Cancer Center, said in a press release.
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